The Cost Of Smoking Cigarettes - 1833 Words

British smokers are costing the (National Health Service) NHS  £5 billion per year,  £1.4 billion in sick leave as well as 60,000 innocent non-smokers’ lives. However, in 2013 around  £1.2 billion was accrued through taxation of total tobacco revenue in the UK. In less economically developed countries like Malawi in South-East of Africa, tobacco sales are pivotal in generating more than half of the money they earned from exports, $165 million. So, would we be doing more harm than good by banning the smoking of cigarettes? When investigating the true cost of smoking cigarettes there is an overwhelming amount of research into the multiple effects smoking has on health. The smoke inhaled when smoking a cigarette contains 4,000 compounds which often leave toxic traces in the lungs and other organs. This is one of the biggest contributing factors as to why smokers visit the GP and hospital more often, have lower survival rate after surgery and take longer to heal wounds compared with non-smokers. The inhalation of the smoke is also known to cause around 60 carcinogens, which can harm every organ in the body, especially the heart. Cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease make up 10% of all heart related diseases caused by smoking. The tobacco smoke inhaled can seriously damage blood vessels increasing your chance of developing atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is caused by a thick substance called plaque which accumulates in the coronary arteries. AsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Th e Costs of Cigarette Smoking.888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Costs of Cigarette Smoking Cigarette smoking causes a variety of life threatening diseases, including lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease. In the UK about 120,000 people die each year due to smoking. A half of all smokers die from smoking related diseases.0 There are many ingredients in tobacco smoke which are harmful to our health in different ways.1 Some of the ingredients are tar, carbon monoxide, nicotine and other chemicals and additives suchRead MoreAddicted: The High Cost of Cigarette Smoking796 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many forms of addictions but the most common addiction is smoking. According to the American Cancer Society, on average about 45 million Americans currently smoke cigarettes. About twenty three percent are male adults and eighteen percent are female adults. Many smokers do not realize the serious effects of smoking until it is too late. It wasn’t known until the past twenty or thirty years what the harmful effects of smoking were. Many people who smoke started because of peer pressure, theRead MoreCost/Benefit Analysis of Cigarette Smoking2774 Words   |  12 PagesThe overall economic costs of smoking cigarettes has become somewhat of an epidemic in society for a variety of reasons. It includes numerous private and social costs. The private cost to smokers goes far beyond the price of cigarettes alone. Smokers also pay with their health, life, and fina nces. Alongside the great cost to smokers, they enjoy benefits to the same degree. The total cost of smoking not only effects smokers, but society as well. The externalities from smoking are both negativeRead MoreThe Dangers of Smoking.1495 Words   |  6 Pagesyour addictions? Even though we know more about the dangers of smoking, it sill haunts society. Not only does smoking have many dangers, physical outcomes, and costs, but also there are also many positive steps to combat this tribal habit. Some dangers of smoking are minor outcomes such as: problems breathing, wrinkles, and bad smelling clothes, hair, skin changes to yellowish color from the toxins in cigarettes. Major outcomes from smoking are risks of catching cancer such as lung cancer, cancer ofRead MoreBans on Smoking in Public Areas1476 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber by four, you get the number of people that die because of smoking each year! Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. Each year more than 480,000 people die because of smoking. This is just one of the many reasons why I believe that cigarette smoking should be banned in public areas. I will argue this point in three ways. First, I will argue that the health effects of smoking are so harmful that cigarettes should not be allowed in public areas. Next, I will argue that theRead MoreHealth Behavior Change Diary Template On Quitting Cigarette Smoking1530 Words   |  7 Pagesquitting cigarette smoking Health behavior I wish to change: Significant number of people has been addicted to the habit of smoking despite of knowing the fact that it is injurious to health. In the past, it was considered as the taboos and only adult group was habituated but currently, it is common among both adolescent and adult population. Cigarette smoking is habit of inhaling smoke of cigarette and releasing it. A study by Gong (2011, pp.48) reveals that the prevalence of cigarette smokingRead MoreWhy Smoking Should Be Banned884 Words   |  4 Pagespeople smoke? Is smoking really healthy for them? How much does it cost an individual to smoke? What are the costs to society when people smoke? These are all questions that can easily be taken care of by banning cigarette smoking. It is really a disgusting sight to see a woman with a cigarette hanging out of her mouth. It is equally bad to see children with smoking cigarettes. B. Cigarette smoking should be banned, not only in restaurants but everywhere. When someone smokes cigarettes it affects theRead MoreIs the Cigarette Tax Enough To Prevent Smoking? Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking cigarettes have negative effects on not only the people who smoke, but also the people around them and the environment. Smoking cigarettes lead to many diseases and negative health effects, such as lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease. Second hand smoke can lead to the same side effects. However, the dangers of second hand smoke tend to be generally greater than that of first hand smoke, which is what the smoker inhales. Because of all the negative effects of smoking, the sale ofRead MoreCigarette Industry is Under Attack956 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cigarette Industry is under attack from all sides. They have battled public opinion, government regulations, and medical warnings since the mid 1900’s. A front-page article by Reader’s Digest in 1952 entitled â€Å"Cancer by the Carton† started the national dialogue about the negative health affects of smoking cigarettes. The medical community had published articles since the 1930’s about the possible negative affects of smoking, but it took until the 1950’s to gain public attention. Smoking prevalenceRead MoreSmoking Is An Addictive Habit That Has Been Killing People All Over The World1123 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking is an addictive habit that has been killing people all over the world for hundreds of years. About 25% of adults smoke and about 30% of all adolescents use some type of tobacco product (â€Å"Smoki ng†). Statistics show that the majority of tobacco users began as a teenager, around thirteen years of age (Miller). The human population is supposed to have innate instincts to do all they can to survive and extend their lives, but individuals still make the choice to smoke and may not take into account

The Motivation Of Human Resource Professionals - 947 Words

Introduction Understanding what motivates different people, in different situations is a topic that has been studied and written about in countless books, journals and other publications. In order to get the best productivity out of any workforce as well as assist employees in achieving personal goals and potential, it is paramount that Human Resource professionals have a basic understanding of what motivates employees. The Hertzberg Motivation Theory Frederick Herzberg first published his motivational theory in his book, The Motivation to Work which was authored in 1959. His theory focus’s around the idea that â€Å"satisfaction and dissatisfaction at work nearly always arose from different factors† (Businessballs, 2016). He cites several motivating factors for both satisfaction and unhappiness with a particular job. These factors include achievement, recognition, growth, the actual work itself, pay, benefits and relationships. In short, Hertzberg observed that factors which lead to satisfaction usually are centered on those that directly result from doing the job or task, while factors that led to dissatisfaction were more closely tied to what he deemed â€Å"Hygiene Factors†. As an example, a sense of achievement, recognition within the organization, personal growth and the quality of the actual work itself are what he refers to as motivators. Consequently, interpersonal rela tionships with superiors or peers, company policies, working conditions and a balance with personal lifeShow MoreRelatedMicrosofts Human Resource Management Strategy679 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Microsoft CORPORATION HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Company Profile: Microsoft Corporation Importance of Strategic Human Resource Management Talent Management Strategies Compensation and benefit packages for employees Policies and practices for Labor relations management Comparison with the Competitors Conclusion OBJECTIVES OF THE HRM STRATEGY To design effective talent management strategies; including recruitment and selection, motivation and retention, performanceRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Organizational Success1516 Words   |  7 Pagesreaders understanding of the role human resource management plays within the context of both employee and organizational success. This paper begins with a look at the historical roots that lay the foundation for the growing need of human resource management (HRM). Some histories believe that HRM can be traced back to medieval times while other argue that human resources functions were not clearly grouped together and identified until the early 1900’s. Human resource management is an accumulation ofRead MoreAn Organization s Strategic Planning1323 Words   |  6 Pageshave dramatically changed the role of human resources (HR). Recruiting and retaining talent has become a key initiative as human capital and knowledge have become recognized as an organization’s top asset and avenue for creating a competitive advantage. More than ever before, chief executives officers (CEOs) and other organizational leaders are relying on HR to play an integral role in the strategic planning process. For this reason, successful HR professionals must have a thorough understandingRead MoreThe Professional Field Of Human Resources1135 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment Natalie Cluthe 7002371 Due: November 26th 2014 Rob Straby Professional Area of Focus: In this assignment the professional field of Human Resources will be focused on with an emphasis on the specifics of recruiting and selecting. Human Resources at its core, is a focus on the people within an organization. Largely associated with hiring, safety, wellness and training along with benefits and employee motivation, HR representatives are an absolute asset to a successful company. As suchRead MoreHuman Resource And Personnel Manager At Uc San Diego997 Words   |  4 PagesI am very interested in a career field in Human Resources. For this paper, I interviewed Lillian Mannino who is a Human Resource and Personnel Manager at the UC San Diego Graduate School of Global Policy and Strategy. As a manager, Lillian serves as the link between the graduate school’s management and its employees. She is in charge of overseeing recruitment, employee relations, policy development, payroll, and benefits. Personnel management is a special branch of management that is focus on the Read MoreEffective Human Resource Planning.1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe key to effective human resource management is human resource planning 1.0 Introduction Human Resources (HR) Management is a multifaceted function. This entity has an important place within companies in helping key personnel decide on the best staff for their needs, among other things. Sometimes, the employees chosen are full-time employees already working for the company or they could be contractors. Regardless, the goal of HR Management is to choose the most qualified person for the job. Read MoreAn Organizational Behavior Management Course1722 Words   |  7 PagesI had no idea of all the necessary skills one must acquire in order to be a successful professional in the workplace. After being introduced to the multiple aspects that play an important role in the making of a great manager I learned that there are some aspects that are more crucial than others. Perhaps, some of the most fundamentally important ideas in management are the leadership, personality, motivation, decision-making and communication skills of the individual. In my experience, I view aRead MoreLeadership in the UK Police Force Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesUK police are one of the professional police around the world and for their professionalism, commitment, motivation and commitment of supply for their activities and the country as a whole known. Like any other force, they take the motivation to continue their level of commitment. Depending upon the level of organization, there are a number of motivational factors and theories that maintain this level of motivation at the top of the world, but there is another factor, which provides a roadmap forRead MoreEmployee Competencies And Reward System For The Dental, Veterinary, And Rehabilitation Supply Markets Essay891 Words   |  4 Pages Name of Organization Description Patterson Companies, Inc. is a full-service distributor serving the dental, veterinary, and rehabilitation supply markets. They meet the needs of healthcare professionals by providing a total-package approach. The company employs about 6,850 people across its three business units: Patterson Dental, Patterson Veterinary and Patterson Medical. Founded in 1877, the organization began exclusively as a provider for dental merchandise. In 2001 they expanded intoRead MoreWhat Is The Conclusion Of Research?907 Words   |  4 PagesNisar, and Amir, 2014). The human asset speculations use to concentrate on participation, leaves taken by the representatives, dependability, targets met or not and so forth. In the wake of taking a shot at this fundamental paradigm, the human asset speculations use to cook the perspectives and assessments of every single authoritative pioneer as for the execution given by their devotees/subordinates. Therefore, the offices are given to workers by considering the human asset essential criteria and

Charles Darwin The Father Of Evolution Essay - 1527 Words

Charles Darwin is widely regarded as the father of evolution because of his extensive work explaining how species became what we see now. The theory of evolution is the change in characteristics of species from generation to generation. Through evolution, the earth gains biodiversity; species begin, change, or die. Using both fossils and living species, scientists are able to reconstruct a biological tree, grouping similar species together to trace their way back to the last common ancestor. Through this we can better picture earth’s timeline, and the story of life from the beginning until now to hopefully get a deeper understanding of what it all means. Although evidence shows that evolution holds true, it does have its opposition. Through the course of this paper, I will explain the theory of evolution. In the mid 19th century, Darwin had his first ideas about evolution on a navy ship heading to the Galapagos Islands. These islands are very geographically isolated and contai n many species that are only indigenous there. As Darwin travelled island to island along the chain, he noticed that the birds had very slight differences in their beaks and other features. This made him consider, why would these similar birds have such different features? He realized that the connection is because they lived in different environments, this must be why each species is slightly different. Darwin decided to do some closer research and found that there were 13 different species ofShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin : Father Of Evolution1582 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Darwin:Father of Evolution Charles Robert Darwin was born February 12, 1809. He is best known for his theory on evolution and and for his phenomenal book On the Origin of Species, which laid the foundation for evolutionary studies and is considered a landmark work in human history. Charles Darwin was a med school dropout but his real passion was for the great outdoors. Charles Darwin served as an unpaid naturalist on a science expedition on board HMS Beagle. The rich variety of animal andRead MoreCharles Darwin, The Father Of Evolution835 Words   |  4 PagesI dual credit 14 December 2015 Evolution Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, wisely stated, â€Å"It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.† This statement directly reflects my opinion on the theory of evolution and that of Charles Darwin. Our species has evolved over time and adapted to the conditions that faced us. Charles Darwin, his background and discoveries, along with the evolution of human beings over time proveRead MoreCharles Darwins Life and Accomplishments784 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Darwin was born in February 12,1809. When Charles Darwin was a little kid he struggled a lot in school. In 1825, Charles become a fortunate person and went to medical school. Darwin was a British scientist who set the foundations of the theory of evolution and converted the way we imagine about the natural world. Charles Darwin was the discoverer of the biological theory of evolution. Charles Darwin was married for 43 years to Emma Darwin w ho was his cousin. Charles Darwin had 10 childrenRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution and Survival of the Fittest Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagestheory of evolution, in basic terms, speculates that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor. The theory of evolution and survival of the fittest has been around since the time of the ancient Greeks and maybe earlier. Evolution has provided people of the world with an explanation of how everyone and everything got here. Although, this theory has sparked a lot of debate, the factual side of evolution is quite interesting. Contrary to popular belief, Charles Darwin was not theRead MoreThe Scientific Theory Of Science And Technology1449 Words   |  6 Pagesscience. Science is crucial because it has helped form the world that we live in today. Charles Robert Darwin was an English geologist and naturalist, best known for his significant addition to the science of evolution. He had a theory that all species have inherited traits over time from common ancestors, and in a partnership with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this pattern of evolution resulted from an action that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existenceRead MoreThe Theory Of Science And Technology1454 Words   |  6 Pagesscience. Science is crucial because it has helped form the world that we live in today. Charles Robert Darwin was an English geologist and naturalist, best known for his significant addition to the science of evolution. He had a theory that all species have inherited traits o ver time from common ancestors, and in a partnership with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this pattern of evolution resulted from an action that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existenceRead MoreNatural Selection And The Theory Of Evolution1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theory of Evolution were just two of the things that Charles Darwin conquered through the exploration of The Galapagos Island. Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. While Darwin was still in high school, his main interest was nature, he was especially interested in beetles. Darwin’s father, Robert Darwin, who was best known as the father of the naturalist Charles Darwin, wanted Charles to become a doctor. Due to lack on interest in the medicine field, Charles went into CambridgeRead MoreCharles Robert Darwin and his Revolutionary Ideas1111 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. Charles was one of six children and came from a long line of scientists. His grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, created the theory of evolution and his father, Dr. Robert Waring Darwin, was a well known medical doctor in his community. When Charles was 16, in 1825, his father sent him to Edinburgh University to study medicine, in hopes that Charles would also become a medical doctor. However, three years into hisRead MoreExploring one of the Greatest Theorists of his Time: Charles Darwin1286 Words   |  6 PagesExploring one of the Greatest Theorists of his Time: Charles Darwin Our Society depends upon science, and yet to so many of us what scientists do is a mystery. The sciences are not just collections of facts, but are ordered by theory; which is why Einstein could say that science was a free creation of the human mind. (Bowler) Charles Darwin is one of the most famous scientists and theorists who had ever lived. Darwin has been written from his background to his evolutionary theory and on theRead More Charles Darwin Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Darwin was a man who shaped the way in which we think about evolution in modern times. He brought forth and described the theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest. To fully understand modern evolutionary thoughts it is necessary for one to completely understand the early theories of Charles Darwin. In this paper I will provide the reader with a complete background on Charles Darwin, describe his voyage on the HMS Beagle, and discuss his theory of natural selection.

The Impact of Roosevelts New Deal Essay - 2197 Words

Look deep within United States history to find its most significant molding element and one will find that its source stemmed from a great national crisis. At its highest extent, nearly one-fourth of its labor force was unemployed and American confidence in itself was deeply shaken. It is in studying the Great Depression and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal, that America’s most significant influential event can be found. The New Deal and its legacy had the largest impact on American society since the founding of the United States. The New Deal altered the political and social nature of the nation as well as preserved the fundamental capitalist nature of the American economy. At the outset, the New Deal changed the†¦show more content†¦In addition, the Tennessee Valley Authority would create a means by which the federal government would compete with private business, a most revolutionary concept.v Furthermore, Degler maintains that proof of this fundamental change of the American psyche can be found in the permanence of some of the New Deal programs. He contends that in the 1950s the first Republican administration after the depression under Dwight Eisenhower did not turn back the reforms of the New Deal. Banking regulation, the TVA, SEC, and Social Security, among other programs are still in existence today and have become part of the American way of life. Still today, no political party aspiring to gain high office dares to repeal them.vi Leuchtenburg agrees with this point and suggests that the New Deal â€Å"altered the character of the State of America† vii David Bennett, professor of history at Syracuse University, develops the argument further. He maintains that through the effects of the depression Americans recognized that social and economic problems required national political solutions and a national political responsibility. He claims that this is the single most important accomplishment of the New Deal. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal may not have achieved its goal of delivering the United States out of the Depression but it did change Americans’ view of their nationalShow MoreRelatedThe Success of Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal718 Words   |  3 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal† package of legislation set a new precedent for United States involvement in cultural development. The New Deal was characterized by liberal use of government resources to provide relief, recovery, and reform to a nation that had been reeling from the aftermath of the Great Depression. While the immediate succe ss of Roosevelt’s New Deal in mitigating the effects of the Great Depression is debatable, it’s long lasting impact on American government is still felt todayRead MoreWere Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal Programs Effective? Essay823 Words   |  4 Pages New Deal Essay The effectiveness of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs remains a contentious topic among historians, with critics on both the right and left attacking the size of the program; the right calling it too large, and the left saying it didn’t go far enough. Though most of the criticism of the program at the time was from the right, from figures like 1928 Democratic nominee Al Smith and his American Liberty League, as well as influential Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, it isRead MoreThe Effects of Roosevelts Worst Mistake890 Words   |  4 PagesOne of Roosevelt’s [most fatal] mistakes occurred before he was even inaugurated into office. His mistake was the fact that he didn’t listen to Herbert Hoover’s advice. Between Roosevelt’s election in 1932 and his inauguration on March 4, 1933, Hoover sent Roosevelt letters and scheduled meetings to tell him what he thought about Roosevelt’s New Deal plan. Herbert Hoover believed that the origins of the Depression were international, while Roosevelt believed they were local. For this reason theRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s President Of The United States1546 Words   |  7 PagesAct to allow banks with enough money to reopen and for the Federal Government to help the banks that did not have enough money (A Bank). This act was a prerequisite to many other programs that would develop under Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration. Under Franklin Roosevelt’s administration, the United States saw the transition from the Republican party’s rule and laissez-faire policies to the Democratic party’s rule and more government involvement. As president, Franklin Roosevelt realized thatRead MoreFranklin Roosevelts New Deal1672 Words   |  7 Pagessit together in their living rooms as they turn the knob on their radios. The words â€Å"Good evening, my friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  echo audibly over the static and ambient noise, and the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt informs the nation of his New Deal and planned solutions to the problems of post-Depression America. He speaks warmly and directly, addressing the American people â€Å"you† and himself â€Å"I†. Many people— unemployed or working, poor or wealthy, supporter or critic – listen attentively asRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt : Long Range Goal1005 Words   |  5 Pageshonoring the roles Eleanor Roosevelt played and describing the impact she has on our daily life. INTRODUCTION I. Arouse Audience Interest in the Topic A. It is difficult in a sense to capture the greatness of Eleanor’s life in simple terms through her background, but we will surely uncover her legacy and her greatest truths. 1. Eleanor Roosevelt served as the longest first lady during her husband’s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s time in office. 2. She was born in a family of great wealth andRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt And The Great Depression1337 Words   |  6 PagesEvery civilization goes through a duration of chaos and prosperity that contributes to new knowledge, resources and innovations for a society. Periods of turmoil often give rise to an individual of power, who provides citizens with a sense of hope and security. The United States went through a severe period of chaos when the economy collapsed, compelling an abundant amount of individuals into poverty. This period during the early 1930’s is known as the Great Depression. Throughout this period, millionsRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deals1681 Words   |  7 Pagesto the American people, people were out of job, food, money and homes while society turned everyone against each other it was everyman for himself. President Franklin D. Roosevelt new deals were effect in providing jobs to the men of the families starting from the oldest to the youngest men in the family. The New Deal improved both the economic and social lives of the American people. The Great Depression caused a deafening blow in the economy of America as people raced to the banks to withdraw theirRead MoreEssay on Fdr and Hitler Comparison1171 Words   |  5 Pagesthe lowest point in the Great Depression. Roosevelt brought this country great relief from the Great Depression. He started with what is known as the First New Deal, bringing relief, recovery, and reform to the American economy. This simple name was for a rather complex sequence of programs set to help the economy. Roosevelt’s First New Deal set out to give immediate relief to those American’s most affected by the depression. Its main method of relief was basically to employ as many people, or ratherRead MoreTheu.s. Roosevelt s New Deal787 Words   |  4 PagesSecond New Deal, the economic impact resulting from World War 2,and from the G.I. Bill. Roosevelt’s New Deal was a series of federal programs launched in 1933 in attempt to restore America’s economy from the Great Depression. By 1932, the worst year of the Depression, more than 13 million workers were unemployed, about 25 percent of the workforce.[1] The New Deal was constructed to benefit the common people. Roosevelt forged the New Deal Coalition, who supported everything he did for the New Deal

Countering Violent Extremism Policy Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Countering Violent Extremism Policy. Answer: Introduction The first and foremost responsibility of any government is to protect its citizens from outer threat as well as sheltering them against any other threat that may occur within the national borders of the country (Sentas, 2014). The case is not any different for Australia. The Australian government strives to protect the citizens, the country itself and functions with the best interests of the country at heart. This responsibility makes it obligatory, both legally and morally, for the Australian government to take measures that pose a threat for the national security of the country, acts of terrorism being the most pressing issue among them. The counter terrorism strategy of Australia is a document by the Council of Australian Governments, that outlines and describes the terrorist threats that the country is facing currently and the measures that are being taken by the government to prevent those from occurring (Cronin, 2015). The strategies are based on five key aspects: challenging the ideologies that propagate violent extremism, trying to prevent he citizens as well as every other human from becoming a terrorist, trying to create a global environment that would help to reduce the extremist mentality in general, creating obstacles for terrorist activities within the national borders of the country, and, being swift to react with effective responses if an act of terrorism does occur despite the measures to counter them (Heath?Kelly, 2013). Countering violent extremism within the counter terrorism policy framework Countering violent extremism involves a number of activities which are aimed at addressing the key elements of extremism and try to help individuals in disengaging or refraining from taking up those activities. The term counter is used in a broader sense which holds many other activities under its umbrella term, which range from preventive measures to getting those who have been radicalized to come back to a normal life. The followers of extremism believe in taking violent and destructive measures against masses of population to establish their own bigotry, and achieve religious or political goals. During the 44th Parliament, Australia joined many other countries in expressing their concern about the growing threat of domestic and international threats and the measures to counter them tactfully. Threats include overseas insurgent groups, as well as homegrown terrorism, which refer to the threat that comes from the nationals of Australia helping the cause of the insurgents or aiding t hem in any way (Harris-Hogan, Barrelle Zammit, 2016). Threats from both terrorist groups and individuals acting themselves have become point of concern for the Australian government. In 2014, the National Security Committee (NSC) decided that the countrys counter terrorism measures need to be reviewed and the Department of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet would lead this review in a combined way. This review would make sure that the counter terrorism strategies are well organized, properly focused upon the concerned area and effective in nature. The country opposes violent extremism in all of its manifestation. Whatever may be the ideologies or the political goals that fuel the violent steps are condemned in every aspect (Dunn et al., 2016). The counter terrorism measures are focused on the major threats that are being faced by the country along with the rest of the world, that are instigated by groups like al-Qaida, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and many other such organizations (Harris-Hogan, Barrelle Zammit, 2016). The problem that has sprouted in recent times is the advocacy of these groups ideals in a larger way and some nationals taking a liking towards them everywhere in the planet. In a general way, the counter terrorism strategies of the Australian government undertake some activities. These are: to cause disruption in any activity that involves individuals or a group planning an attack; detecting terrorist activities and promoting community cohesion in order to establish resilience at a very core level of the mindset of the people in a collective manner. The Australian government has extra features and agreed to provide extra funding to counter violent extremism. Each year, this budget is being gradually increased, parallel to the growing threat of the threats from extreme forms of violence. The CVE threats have been recognized by the National Security as the most pressing issue and focuses more resources in preventing these to occur. Australian counter terrorism strategies The counter terrorism strategies are all focused preventing the terrorist attacks from even happening and widespread and minute analysis are used to predict any act of such violence. Violent extremism both within the country and abroad are tried to be thwarted in every way possible. A special care is given to make sure that the Australian nationals do not succumb to the lure of these extreme ideologies which make them use violence to get themselves heard or simply to express their views. However, despite all of these measures and strategies, there are no guarantee that the terrorist attacks will not happen (Gibbs, 2015). The Australian government and the National Security Committee both take some very basic and simple ways to try to avert these attacks as a community, along with its citizens. In every step, the ideologies of these extremist groups must be challenged, to cause hindrance for them to manifest within the minds of the nationals. The global environment has to be shaped in a way that would ensure more and more people joining in the fight against these terrorist organizations. Countering violent extremism Violent ideologies that are promoted by different extremist groups are the key reasons behind almost every terrorist activity across the globe. A COAG agreement has been agreed upon to endorse the new strategies for CVE. The Attorney-Generals Department coordinates all the tasks and the methods to counter the terrorism activities that involve violence. These new strategies have been implemented only recently, in 2010. In 2014, a new CVE programme was initiated to provide aid to the individuals who were identified at the risk of being radicalized. Intervention processes were introduced to supplement the initiatives of the National Disruption Group (Cherney Murphy, 2017). Formal CVED efforts are given that help to degrade any form of ideological support for the terrorist activities from the Australian nationals. These efforts involve spreading education, skill developments, training, leadership and mentoring, developing counter narratives that challenge the extremist ideals. Promoting community cohesion which act as a support for resilience against the violent forms of extremism is a very important strategy of the government of the Commonwealth (Cherney et al., 2017). Agencies have put in vital strategies that help in this aspect by, increasing the legal consequences of Australian nationals who travel abroad to fight in overseas conflicts, making the people understand the impact these actions may have on them at a personal level or how may their families suffer, providing humanitarian support for those who are ravaged by conflicts, both within the country and in any terrorist activity overseas. Social and economic disadvantages are also highlighted by the government to make the individuals understand the consequence they may face if they take part in spreading terrorist propaganda in any way (Murphy et al., 2017). Local and regional governments are included extensively in the process and the activities to improve community cohesion and building a resilie nce together against the malice of extreme forms of terrorism that preach violence to achieve its goals. The online world is easily accessible by almost everyone and the ways to monitor and control them are still not foolproof. The terrorists this very advantage to spread their propaganda, recruit new members for their groups, plan and execute the attacks. These propagandas are becoming increasingly sophisticated, urging individuals to reject their own societies and join the cause to establish a caliphate across all the countries in the world. Reducing or at least controlling the access to extremist propaganda online can help to reduce exposure of the Australian nationals to these vicious ideologies. Evidence of the drivers of violent extremism Despite the measures that are being taken to counter the acts of violent extremism, in order for these strategies to be successful, it must be first understood why have violent extremism managed to establish itself as an idea in the first place (Waldman Verga, 2016). A range of social, political, individual, group and environmental factors form a confluence that induce people to resort to violence or be lured by someone who spreads extremist propaganda. These drivers are broadly categorized under macro level drivers and meso level drivers. Macro level drivers are often dubbed as push factors and comprise of socio-economic or political conditions that are prevalent in the backdrop of a violent mindset or ideal to spread across a region or a group of people. Ravaging civil wars, lower personal freedom, virtually non-existent human rights, astoundingly poor economic conditions all propel humans to take up violence as the only measure to make themselves and their struggles heard by the other countries (Cronin, 2015). Meso level drivers are the pull factors that identify behaviors and ideals at an individual level that pull people already consumed by the macro level drivers to believe in extremism that use violence and spread terror. Apart from these two primary drivers, there are some micro level drivers as well that helps the terrorist groups to gain more strength every day. The psychological bend of the human mind is very volatile and prone to being lured. The Attorney-Generals Department on CVE The Attorney-Generals Department coordinates all the activities that is undertaken to prevent terrorism acts within and abroad the Commonwealth. Its approach to hinder the terrorist acts involve four sets of activities that are complementary in nature. Building strength at a very root level through inclusion and social participation is the best way to counter violent extremism, which seeks to prevent radicalization. This addresses the social drivers to make individuals disengage from the terrorist propaganda. Multicultural activities are funded and promoted to make everyone feel included and a greater strength within the community is established. Enhancing economic participation, migrant integration and other strategies are implemented so that no particular group or individual feels left out and considers violence the only way to spread the views he or she may have (Waldman Verga, 2016). Ensuring that intervention programmes are delivered as soon as possible for individuals who are at risk of being radicalized can help to decrease the chances of homeland terrorism attacks by national of the Commonwealth. Taking support from international agencies or groups and governments to share information and collaborative engagements is a great way to increase the global fight against extreme violent terrorism. Spreading education to make people understand the true face and intensions of these extremist groups can also prove to be beneficial (Cherney Murphy, 2017). The Australian government tries to connect people with scholars from different religions who try to explain the core beliefs of the religion and make them understand that they, by no means preach violence, however may they be projected to the world by the extremists. The Australian government has been issuing tenders that would facilitate in the disengagement of individuals from extreme violent terrorism. These tenders have brought to help in research and evaluation, developing the training process that advocates against extreme violence. Conclusion The current CVE efforts of the Commonwealth seem to have impact on the process of reducing acts of terrorism, but more yet remains to be done. The Australian government plans to launch even more initiatives so that the terrorist propagandas are rejected at the very basic of all human organizations: the society. The current measures fail to address, and even identify, all the individuals who are affected by the false teachings of the extremist followers of different religions. However, it must be remembered that, not any CVE initiative, no matter how sophisticated or precisely planned, can guarantee that the terrorist attacks will not happen. Even then, it is extremely assuring and heartening to see that the Commonwealth government is taking drastic steps in making sure that the citizens are safe from any form harm, which come from terrorist groups abroad, or manifested within any individual inside the national borders of the country as a legal citizen. References Cherney, A., Murphy, K. (2017). Police and Community Cooperation in Counterterrorism: Evidence and Insights from Australia.Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 1-15. Cherney, A., Sweid, R., Grossman, M., Derbas, A., Dunn, K., Jones, C., ... Barton, G. (2017). Local service provision to counter violent extremism: perspectives, capabilities and challenges arising from an Australian service mapping project.Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 1-20. Cronin, A. K. (2015). ISIS is not a terrorist group: Why counterterrorism won't stop the latest jihadist threat.Foreign Aff.,94, 87. Dunn, K. M., Atie, R., Kennedy, M., Ali, J. A., OReilly, J., Rogerson, L. (2016). Can you use community policing for counter terrorism? Evidence from NSW, Australia.Police Practice and Research,17(3), 196-211. Gibbs, J. C. (2015). State Legitimacy and Terrorism: Implications for Counterterrorism Policy. InTerrorism and Counterterrorism Today(pp. 241-259). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Harris-Hogan, S., Barrelle, K., Zammit, A. (2016). What is countering violent extremism? Exploring CVE policy and practice in Australia.Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression,8(1), 6-24. Heath?Kelly, C. (2013). Counter?Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the RadicalisationDiscourse and the UK PREVENT Strategy.The British Journal of Politics International Relations,15(3), 394-415. Murphy, K., Murphy, K., Madon, N. S., Madon, N. S., Cherney, A., Cherney, A. (2017). Promoting Muslims cooperation with police in counter-terrorism: The interaction between procedural justice, police legitimacy and law legitimacy.Policing: An International Journal,40(3), 544-559. Sentas, V. (2014).Traces of terror: Counter-terrorism law, policing, and race. Oxford University Press. Waldman, S., Verga, S. (2016). Countering violent extremism on social media. Directory.gov.au. (2017).National Security Committee | Government Online Directory. [online] Available at: https://www.directory.gov.au/commonwealth-parliament/cabinet/cabinet-committees/national-security-committee [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017].

Christianity In Constantinople Essay Example For Students

Christianity In Constantinople Essay The Emperor Constantine I was the sole ruler of the Roman world between 324 and 337 C.E. His reign was likely the most crucial of all the Roman emperors in determining the future course of western civilization. Constantine began the process of making Christianity the religious foundation of Europe. Also, his Constantinople replaced the city of Rome as the center of imperial power. This set the stage for the occurrences of the Middle Ages. His philosophical view of monarchy became the foundation for the concept of the divine right of kings, which prevailed in Medieval Europe. In 324, after his defeat of Licinius, Constantine decided to rename Byzantium after himself and make it a governmental rival of the old Empire. For the first time a Christian emperor had ascended the Roman throne. Although there is some dispute about the depth of his faith, it is not disputed that Constantine did much to entrench Constantinople and eventually much of Europe in Christianity. Among the basic criteria for choosing Byzantium as the location were its strategic geographical position between Europe and Asia and its strategic value for the command of the seas and of the main routes over land from all directions. The new capital was to be the characteristic expression of the new Christian spirit of the Empire. The exhaustion of the old Rome had been already widely realized. Surprisingly, in spite of this obvious imbalance in wealth, power, population and general vibrancy, The Byzantium Empire and old Rome briefly participated equally with the political status of one imperial capital. They equally participated in the royal authority of the bearers in the east and west. Gregory the Theologian has expressed this synergy of the two cities with interesting imagery: Nature did not give two suns, but there are two cities of Rome, both luminaries of the entire Ecumene, the ancient and the new state, differing among themselves inasmuch as the one shines before the sun an d the other after it, one beauty matching another beauty by means of a synergy (Carmina, 562ff, PG 37). Costantine had built Constantinople to mirror the original empire. It had its own slaves, poor masses, hippodrome, and religion. It grew and developed during the fourth and the fifth centuries to such an extent, that it came to be the brightest single expression of the identity of the Empire. This was obviously coupled with a steep decline in resources in the west. However, Constantinople would quickly overshadow all the elements of brilliance of old Rome and become the new head of the Empire. As a center of administrative economic and spiritual life, Constantinople gradually acquired its own distinctive elements of brilliance, wealth and influence. This incredible building plan put a strain on finances. Constantine may have sold Licinius war chest, which he had captured in battle, to pick up some of the slack. The sixth century Greek historian Zosimus notes that Constantines taxes were initially so excessive that fathers were forced to hire out their daughters as prostitutes to pay taxes. The emperor seems to have been an easy target of criticism for his financial dealings. Christianity in ConstantinopleWhen Constantine I had come to power, the empire was tormented by economic hardship and insecurity. The impoverished masses had been failed by their gods and searched for salvation. Christianity, a religion which had been originated by the tired, poor and meek outcasts, was finally ready to be embraced by these hungry masses. St. Pauls promises of a new life after death and elimination of the old Jewish restrictions made this move possible. Constantine simply institutionalized it. The ecumenical dynamism of Christianity emerged as a power for the renewal of the structures and the institutions of the disorganized Empire. .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 , .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 .postImageUrl , .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 , .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056:hover , .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056:visited , .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056:active { border:0!important; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056:active , .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056 .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u76800e1cad6b95bf1c2318a2911e0056:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo And Juliet Deaths (886 words) EssayConstantine made some other major institutional changes, which would change Christianity forever. For one, he published two edicts. One provided compensation for anyone who had been persecuted for his Christian beliefs by the old empire, the other was law that gave Christianity a preferential status in the empire. Although proclaiming tolerance for the old religions, Constantine asserted that ritualistic purity and sanctity were conditional for the righteous and obedience to Gods sacred laws that were to be taught within the church. Because Constantine wanted