Exploration Missions on Mars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Exploration Missions on Mars - Essay Example Exploration Missions on Mars In the contemporary world, there have been numerous missions and these have included the Mars Odyssey, the Mars Express, the Mars Exploration Rovers, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiters and the Mars Science Laboratories. They have been developed to ensure that further knowledge of the planet is increased and this to such an extent that there is contemplation concerning sending a manned mission to Mars. This report seeks to show the extent to which the recent missions to Mars, especially within the twenty first century, have increased human knowledge concerning this planet and whether they have been successes. The Mars Odyssey mission is one of the most important in the twenty first century because it was the first successful mission to be launched in the new millennium. The orbiter involved in this mission reached the orbit of Mars in 2001 where it was able, through its gamma ray spectrometer, to detect a significant amount of hydrogen on the Martian surface, which allowed scientists to speculate that there, must be large amounts of water on the planet in the form of ice (Boynton et al, 2004,). Furthermore, its Phoenix lander was instrumental in confirming that Mars indeed had water and that this would allow for the conditions necessary to sustain life. It is essential to note that it was through this mission that scientists were able to determine were able to confirm the presence of water on the planet in the form of ice and it allowed for there to develop speculation concerning whether the ice ever thawed.

Comparison of a leader and a manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparison of a leader and a manager - Essay Example In addition to that, there is difference in the motivation level and control between a leader and a manager. According to (Nielson), a leader sets new and unique direction. Therefore, he should be able to justify the changes he suggests and show the validity of his approach. A manager helps in the application of ideas suggested by a leader and is responsible to make sure that the assigned tasks are completed by employees in time. In spite of these differences, a leader and a manager apparently share several important responsibilities. Both make heads of a team and coordinate teams to reach a goal. A final similarity between the two is that both exchange information in order to plan and direct. To sum up, leader and manager are much different, and yet alike. Although they differ in many areas such as people out look and motivation, they have several points in common. Furthermore, it can be said that both seek success.

Net Present Value and Cash Essay Example for Free

Net Present Value and Cash Essay Need to consider what types and which cash flows should be included in capital budgeting analysis. Damp;D was producing and marketing two major product lines: 1. Lift-Off: Low –suds, concentrated powder. 2. Wave: Traditional powder detergent. Questions amp; Answers: . If you were in Steve Gasper’s place, would you argue to include the cost from market testing as a cash outflow? If I’m Steven Gasper’s I would not include the cost from market testing as a cash outflow. The reason is because the cost from market testing was considered as sunk costs. A sunk cost is an outlay that has already occurred, hence by decision under consideration would not been affected by the costs. Since sunk costs are not incremental cost they should not be included in the analysis. In this case initial cost for Blast, $500,000 for test marketing, which was conducted in the Detroit area and completed in the previous June was consider as a sunk cost and it will not affect Danforth amp; Donnalley Laundry future cash flows regardless of whether or not the new branch is built. 2. What would your opinion be as to how to deal with the question of working capital? Working capital management deals with the management of current assets which are inventories, payroll, and other cash needs and receivables from customers, account receivable, and also procedures financing these assets. In our opinion, have two basic questions involves in working capital policy: (i) What is the appropriate amount of current assets for the firm to carry both in total and for each specific account and (ii) How should current asset be financed. Therefore, the most important element in best buys working capital policy is its inventory management. Refer to the Danforth amp; Donnalley laundry, McDonald suggest to add another $200,000 in working capital, because they estimate this money would never leave the firm and would always be in liquid form, for the first time; it consider outflow but hence inflow. In our opinion, some additional cash is required to conduct operations in Damp;D laundry because additional some cash is needed in order to reserve for some contingency, or as a â€Å"parking place† for funds prior to an acquisition, a major capital investment program, or the like. That concept has been applied to more complex businesses, where it is used to analyze the effectiveness of a firm’s working capital management. Under relaxed current assets policy, Damp;D laundry would hold relatively large amounts of each type of current asset and under a restricted current assets policy; company would hold minimal amounts of these items. Current assets are necessary, but there are costs associated with holding them. Therefore, if Damp;D can manage its current assets more efficiently and thereby operate with smaller investment in working capital; this will increase Damp;D laundry profitability. 3. Would you suggest that the product be charged for the use of excess production facilities and building? Would this opinion change under the hypothetical assumption that needed production facilities for the current line of powdered detergents were at 55 percent of capacity and expected to grow at a rate 20 percent a year and maximum production capacity was 100 percent? What would be the present value of this cash flow given the fact that the currently proposed new plant would involve cash outflows of $5 million in three years (assuming that acceptance of the Blast project would not affect the size of the proposed outlay, only the timing, and that the new plant and facilities would be operable indefinitely). (Hint: Assume that the introduction of Blast would only move the need for a new plant ahead by one year, that the cash outflow would remain at $5 million regardless of when incurred, and that the plant would operate indefinitely. In our opinion, the excess usage of production facilities and building would not be charge into Blast. The reasons of this are:- a) When the machine was bought for Lift-Off productions the cost has been calculated; and b) In obtaining the machine and building for Blast productions no cash payment has been made. Since the production of Blast will occupy current excess capacity, no incremental cash flows are incurred; hence, none should be charged against Blast. Would you suggest that the cash flows resulting from erosion of sales from current laundry detergent products be included as a cash inflow? If there was a chance that competition would introduce a similar product were Damp;D to fail to introduce Blast, would this affect your answer? Yes, it should be treat as an incremental cash flow for the reduction in the sales of the Lift-Off and Wave, referred to as erosion. These lost sales are included because it a cost (a revenue reduction) that the company must bear if it choose to produce the new product (Blast). It will not affect our answer if there was a chance that competition would introduce a similar product at time Damp;D fail to introduce Blast. This happen due to the fact that for constructs cash flow we ignore the competitor effect. 5. If debt is used to finance this project, should the interest payments associated with this new debt be considered cash flows? No. We discount project cash flows with a cost of capital that is the rate of return required by all investors (not just debt holders or stockholders), and so we should discount the total amount of cash flow available to all investors.

The Creative Development Of Ict Education Essay

The Creative Development Of Ict Education Essay Fine motor skills ICT involves using many of our fine motor skills from the obvious mouse control clicking and selecting shapes or areas on the screen, the new touch screens, keyboard buttons, phone buttons and touch screens and pushing buttons such as power switches. Gross motor skills interactive whiteboards provide good opportunities for use of gross motor skills as we have to reach up and down to make them work, and use whole bodies to reach certain buttons or selections. Consoles such as the Nintendo Wii involve a lot of gross motor skill action to play the games dancing, running, jumping, stretching, throwing and so on. Creative Development Most ICT can offer some kind of creative development from drawing pictures, shapes, and colouring in Paint applications on PCs, laptops and tablets. You have to choose from brush sizes, erasers, pencils, pens, colours. Older children could even do junk modelling with old computer equipment (electrical parts removed first). Increase confidence ICT products are interactive and children get instant reactions from them. Children are in control. Digital cameras provide instant pictures for them to see and talk about. A lot of learning is done through games so they are unaware and enjoy taking part. Shy children can sometimes react better to cameras and come out of themselves. Increases world knowledge Children constantly see adults using ICT every day, from televisions, microwaves, digital clocks and radios, computers, sat navs and so on. By using ICT themselves they are copying adults and can see themselves as part of the wider world. Interest and confidence in engaging with ICT in their many forms are necessary so that all of us are able to play a full part in society. (Stirling University) Mathematical development There are lots of maths games for ICT ranging from basic shapes to solving complex calculations all making learning fun. BugBots are a type of pre programmed bug which moves to given instructions such as left, forward, backwards. Language development again there are lots of languages games for ICT ranging from letter recognition to sentence structure to story writing as well as crossword games, wordsearches making it fun. Toy phones prompt children to talk and make conversations and in addition to this there are general discussions and learning to share and compromise. Construct a booklet which can be issued to parents which identifies safety concerns for children using ICT and how these concerns are being addressed in the child care setting. See separate attached document. Identify and describe various ways in which ICT can be used to support the Early Years Foundation Stage curriculum. Reference should be made to the various types of ICT available, not just computers. Early Learning Goals Numeracy as mentioned before there are lots of maths games for ICT ranging from basic shapes to solving complex calculations all making learning fun. BugBots are a type of pre programmed bug which moves to given instructions such as left, forward, backwards. Other means of ICT teaching Numeracy skills are toy shop tills, toy phones and calculators which all have numbers and opportunities for number play/work. Literacy as above there are lots of languages games for ICT ranging from letter recognition to sentence structure to story writing as well as crossword games, word searches making it fun. Young children can learn to type their names, recognise the letters in their names. Touch screen tablets encourage the letter formation using fingers. Other means of ICT that Literacy can be incorporated into are toy phones or walkie talkies which prompt children to talk and make conversations, role play in shops with tills. Whiteboards offer interaction for the children in writing on a larger scale using pens or their hands. Physical Education ICT can be used for PE lessons, or physical activities in that the children can watch videos, CD Roms of various sports and activities and then try them themselves. Some games consoles have games on them where the children interact physically with dancing, running, jumping, throwing, batting, bowling and even skiing. Personal and Social Education ICT products are interactive and children get instant reactions from them. The children are in control which increases their confidence and in turn their understanding. Digital cameras provide instant pictures for them to see and talk about, as do camcorders. Shy children can sometimes react better to cameras and come out of themselves, noisy disruptive children can be calmer and more responsive when in control and getting instant reactions from ICT. and in addition to this there are general discussions and learning to share and compromise. Creative Development ICT can offer lots of creative development ranging from drawing pictures, shapes, and colouring in using Paint applications on PCs, laptops and tablets. The creations can be printed out onto paper to be kept for assessment or display purposes or proudly taken home. Knowledge and Understanding of the World ICT can give children a good basis of understanding the world around them videos, CD Roms, pictures, slideshows. Children can learn about other cultures, religions, countries and using web cams can even talk to other children in childcare settings all over the world or country. Identify the ways in which families can become involved in ICT including ways in which the childcare setting can promote its use. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the use of ICT helps remove the boundaries between learning and experiences that take place in the home and at school (Teaching Expertise) In general IT literate parents are already in a good position to help their children become familiar with ICT around and outside of the home. They can already teach their children the basics such as using a mouse and keyboard, touch screen devices, games consoles, play phones all before they enter the childcare setting. ICT has been embedded into the Early Years Curriculum as a separate subject so it can offer new and further things to these children, as well as introduce the basics to those who dont have this advantage from home. Using digital cameras or camcorders children can record or photograph things at home that they may not be able to take into the childcare setting for safety or risk of loss reasons, and then talk about them once in the setting examples of this could be pets, precious things, clothes etc. Parents who are not IT literate can access free ICT courses at most local colleges or community centres. Classes include basic PC processing, using laminators, using digital cameras, introduction to interactive white boards. Most towns have internet cafes and computers for use in local libraries, some McDonald branches now even have iPads you can play whilst visiting! The childcare setting itself can offer email and text messaging services for newsletters, photos and essential messages such as closures or general reminders. Some settings even have cctv or webcams for parents to watch their children at play during the day from their home or work computers.

Steriods in sports Essay example -- essays research papers

Steroids in Sports   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my opinion, the initial reason a person starts to play any sport is to either to have fun or mainly to emulate their favorite sports figures. So many kids want to swing a bat like Barry Bonds, or rush the football like Jamal Lewis, or play soccer like Pelle’. When I was younger, I wanted to tackle like Lawrence Taylor. Since these children like to do what they see their role models do, what happens if they find out that their favorite person boosts his skills by using illegal substances? Since there are a lot of impressionable minds out there, some of those little fans may be swayed to do the same when they get the chance to. Steroids are addictive, just like marijuana or other illegal substances, and there are some well known athletes abusing them to get a quick â€Å"power up† instead of actually working hard to achieve muscle tone, or that extra intensity; that extra strength that they think they need. Steroids are seemingly displacing hard wor k in today’s sports world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I asked coach Wilson, my hometown football coach, about his opinion on steroids. â€Å"I’ve caught some boys taking steroids personally, and I think the main reason that it’s taken is competition. They usually do not know how to lose, and they will do almost anything to win.† When I asked him what could be done to improve on this problem, â€Å" Well the only thing that I can think of to sort of contain this problem is random testing for athletes.† â€Å"There is now a cream out that players do not have to inject into their blood stream, they just have to rub it on their skin, and it won’t show up in a blood test.† He went on to state that â€Å"In Highschool it’s pretty easy to point out most of the kids using.† â€Å"You can mainly tell by their attitude, and their size for a highschool student.† Also, he stated that â€Å"steroids don’t really make you better, I mean they don’t really increase your speed or agility, they just increase your intensity level, and make you bigger as far as muscles go, but it’s not worth it when you think about the risk those people take with their bodies.† Former baseball all-star, Jose Canseco had a book published, call â€Å"Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant Roids, Smash Hits, and How Baseball Got Big.† This book pointed the finger at several players accusing them of steroid abuse. Miguel Tejada was among the p... ...kle, that maybe we would have won a game or two, but never did I think about using steroids for the â€Å"extra edge† that I thought I needed. I just used other methods of cheating, like tripping players, or holding players, or when there was a fumble, I would get under the pile and kick, and punch, and twist limbs. I cheated legally and we still did not win many games. I can not say that none of my teammates thought about using, but I do not think so, and from a personal locker room relationship with them, I do not think any of them used steroids while I was on the team. We lost our games honestly, â€Å"well sort of.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Steroids are â€Å"eating up† the sports world as we know it. Whether it is giving players who are already good, unfair advantages, or killing and or crippling steroid abusers for life. All major sports, from baseball to track and field are cracking down on the usage of steroids. There is not yet a way to completely stop it, but random testing, and psychological profiles can help contain the problem. Also the media should use discretion when reporting these problems on the news or in the newspapers, as they would when talking about other substances.

Womens Rights :: Womens Rights Movement

Women had it difficult in the mid-1800s to early 1900s. There was a difference in the treatment of men and women then. Married women had few rights in the eyes of the law. Women were not even allowed to vote until August 1920. They were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law. There were no chances of women getting an education then because no college or university would accept a female with only a few exceptions. Women were not allowed to participate in the affairs of the church. They thought they were totally dependent on men. Then the first Women's Rights Convention was held on July nineteenth and twentieth in 1848. The convention was assembled as planned, and over the two days of discussion, the Declaration of Sentiments and twelve resolutions received agreement and endorsement, one by one, with a few amendments. The only resolution that did not pass unanimously was the call for women's authorization. The thought that women should be allowed to vote in elections was impossible to some. At the convention, debate over the woman's vote was the main concern. Women's Rights Conventions were held on a regular basis from 1850 until the start of the Civil War. Some drew such large crowds that people had to be turned away for lack of meeting space. The women's rights movement of the late nineteenth century went on to address the wide range of issues spelled out at the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and women like Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Sojourner Truth, who were pioneer theorists, traveled the country lecturing and organizing for the next forty years. Winning the right to vote was the key issue, since the vote would provide the means to accomplish the other amendments. The campaign for woman's right to vote ran across so much continuous opposition that it took 72 years for the women and their male supporters to win. They finally received the right to vote in 1920. There were some very important women involved in the Women's Right Movement. Esther Morris, who was the first woman to hold a judicial position and who led the first successful state campaign for woman's right to vote in 1869. Abigail Scott Duniway was the leader of the successful fight in the early 1900s.

Phonemic awareness Essay

Phonemic awareness has been defined as the ability to deal unequivocally and segmentally with sound units which are smaller than the syllable. Phonemes are the tiniest elements that make up the spoken language. Phonemic awareness thus is the ability that enables an individual to focus on and manipulate these phonemes in spoken language (National Reading Panel (NRP), 2010). It has been established that the term phonemic awareness became popular in 1990s when researchers were attempting to study the development of early literacy and reading disability. Having been defined as the ability of the language learner to manipulate the sounds of spoken words, phonemic awareness plays a crucial role in language development in children. This paper will explore the impacts of phonemic awareness on the child’s early development of reading and spelling skills. Phonemic skills: More often than not, the term phonemic awareness has been used interchangeably with phonological awareness. However, the two terms are very distinct considering that phonemic awareness concentrates on the phonemes which are the smallest units that make up the speech whereas phonological awareness focuses on both the small and the larger units as well including the syllables, onsets, and rhymes. A child who possesses the phonemic awareness skills will be able to segment sounds in words for instance, they are able to recognize and identify a word from the separate sounds in the word (International Reading Organization, 1998). Phonemic awareness can therefore be said to be the only aspect of reading that is highly crucial in children before they can start to learn reading. Phonemic awareness is therefore a pre-requisite for development of reading in children (Brummitt, 2007). Impacts of Phonemic Awareness: Phonemic awareness has great impacts on a child’s early development of reading and spelling skills. Phonemic skill like segmentation of words is very crucial in determining how the child will be able to master spoken language. The amount of sound information that children can handle at a time will determine the ability of the children to learn the phonological skills in language. Studies have shown that phonemically aware children are more capable of reading words in prose with minimum mistakes than those who are phonemically unaware. Children are known to learn the spelling skills in two ways which includes internalization of the orthographic patterns of written words through imitation, and by synthesizing their understanding of letters and letter clusters with how the word is said in an analogy process. Learning to spell unfamiliar words either by imitation or analogy with familiar words is usually â€Å"influenced by Knowledge of letter-sound mappings, the amount of complexity of orthographic information the kids can process, and their knowledge of word structures† (Munro, 2010, para 27). Definitely, there is a relationship between the awareness of sound segmentation in words and learning how to spell using the two techniques described above (Munro, 2010). Conclusion: Phonemic awareness is a very essential aspect of language development in children during their development stages.  Phonemic awareness can be responsible for positive development in IQ, vocabulary, listening, comprehension, and how well kids can learn to read, write, and spell. The children should also be able to express what is in their mind by the aid of phonemic awareness even when they had never seen the printed version of the word before. It is evident that by teaching the children how to manipulate the sounds in language improves their reading capabilities. In general, training in phonetic awareness positively impacts on the children’s language development in reading and spelling.